The Renaissance and the Reformation were two significant movements in European history. The Renaissance, meaning 'rebirth', was a cultural and intellectual revival that began in Italy in the 14th century, focusing on classical art, literature, and humanism. Key figures like Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci were instrumental in this movement, with Michelangelo known for his sculptures and the Sistine Chapel ceiling, while Leonardo painted the Mona Lisa. The Reformation, which started in the early 16th century, was primarily a religious movement aimed at reforming the Catholic Church, leading to the rise of Protestantism. Understanding the distinctions between these movements is crucial for grasping the broader context of European history during this period.