To calculate the average difference (d) between the paired values of Y and X, we first find the individual differences by subtracting each X value from its corresponding Y value. This gives us the differences d_i for each pair. We then sum all the differences and divide by the number of pairs to find the average difference, denoted as ar{d}. In this case, the differences calculated were: -0.02, 2.00, 2.59, 2.34, 0.72, 1.33, 2.42, and 4.81. Summing these gives 16.09, and dividing by 8 (the number of pairs) results in 2.01125. Rounding this to the nearest thousandths gives us 2.011.